משנה תורה, הלכות ביאת מקדש

כָּל כֹּהֵן הַכָּשֵׁר לַעֲבוֹדָה אִם שָׁתָה יַיִן אָסוּר לוֹ לְהִכָּנֵס מִן הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וּלְפָנִים. וְאִם נִכְנַס וְעָבַד עֲבוֹדָתוֹ פְּסוּלָה וְחַיָּב מִיתָה בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא י ט) "וְלֹא תָמֻתוּ". וְהוּא שֶׁשָּׁתָה רְבִיעִית יַיִן חַי בְּבַת אַחַת מִיַּיִן שֶׁעָבְרוּ עָלָיו אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם. אֲבָל אִם שָׁתָה פָּחוֹת מֵרְבִיעִית יַיִן. אוֹ שָׁתָה רְבִיעִית וְהִפְסִיק בָּהּ. אוֹ מְזָגָהּ בְּמַיִם. אוֹ שֶׁשָּׁתָה יַיִן מִגִּתּוֹ בְּתוֹךְ אַרְבָּעִים אֲפִלּוּ יֶתֶר מֵרְבִיעִית. פָּטוּר וְאֵינוֹ מְחַלֵּל עֲבוֹדָה. שָׁתָה יֶתֶר מֵרְבִיעִית מִן הַיַּיִן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָיָה מָזוּג וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִפְסִיק וְשָׁהָה מְעַט מְעַט חַיָּב מִיתָה וּפוֹסֵל הָעֲבוֹדָה:

Whenever a priest who is fit to perform Temple service drinks wine, he is forbidden to enter the area of the Altar or [proceed] beyond there. If he entered [that area] and performed service, his service is invalid and he is liable for death at the hand of heaven, as [Leviticus 10:9] states: "[Do not drink intoxicating wine...] so that you do not die."
The above applies provided one drinks a revi'it of undiluted wine at one time, provided the wine is over 40 days old. If, however, one drank less than a revi'it of wine, one drank a revi'it intermittently, one mixed it with water, or one drank even more than a revi'it of wine from the vat, i.e., within 40 days of its being brought into being, he is exempt and his service is not profaned. If he drank more than a revi'it of wine, even though it was diluted and even though he drank it intermittently, he is liable for death and his service is invalidated.

אֵין כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל נִכְנָס לְקֹדֶשׁ הַקָּדָשִׁים אֶלָּא מִיּוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים לְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים. וְכֹהֵן הֶדְיוֹט נִכְנָס לַקֹּדֶשׁ לַעֲבוֹדָה בְּכָל יוֹם:

The High Priest enters the Holy of Holies each year only on Yom Kippur. An ordinary priest may enter the Sanctuary for service every day.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לְשַׁלֵּחַ כָּל הַטְּמֵאִים מִן הַמִּקְדָּשׁ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר ה ב) "וִישַׁלְּחוּ מִן הַמַּחֲנֶה כָּל צָרוּעַ וְכָל זָב וְכל טָמֵא לָנָפֶשׁ":

It is a positive commandment to send all impure persons away from the Temple, as [Numbers 5:2] states: "And they shall send away from the camp all those with tzara'at and zav [afflictions] and all those who are impure because of contact with a corpse.

טָמֵא שֶׁעָבַד בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ חִלֵּל עֲבוֹדָתוֹ וְחַיָּב מִיתָה בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם עַל עֲבוֹדָתוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא שָׁהָה שָׁם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כב ב) "וְיִנָּזְרוּ מִקָּדְשֵׁי בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלֹא יְחַלְּלוּ אֶת שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי" הֲרֵי זוֹ אַזְהָרָה לְעוֹבֵד בְּטֻמְאָה. וּלְהַלָּן הוּא אוֹמֵר (ויקרא כב ט) "וּמֵתוּ בוֹ כִּי יְחַלְּלֻהוּ". מָה חִלּוּל הָאָמוּר [שָׁם] חַיָּב מִיתָה בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם אַף כָּאן מִיתָה בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם. וְכָל לָאו שֶׁחַיָּבִין עָלָיו מִיתָה בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם לוֹקִין עָלָיו:

When an impure person serves in the Temple, he desecrates his service and is liable for death at the hand of heaven for [performing] this service even if he did not tarry there, as [indicated by Leviticus 22:2]: "so that they draw back for the sanctified objects of the children of Israel and not desecrate My holy name." This is a warning for a person who serves while ritually impure.
Further on, [ibid.:9] states: "They will die because of it, because they desecrated it." Just as in the latter instance, desecration makes one liable for death at the hands of heaven, so too, with regard to [offering sacrifices while impure, desecration] makes one liable for death at the hand of heaven. Lashes are given for [the violation of] all negative commandments punishable by death at the hand of heaven.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לְקַדֵּשׁ כֹּהֵן הָעוֹבֵד יָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו וְאַחַר כָּךְ יַעֲבֹד שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ל יט) "וְרָחֲצוּ אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו מִמֶּנּוּ אֶת יְדֵיהֶם וְאֶת רַגְלֵיהֶם". וְכֹהֵן שֶׁעָבַד וְלֹא קִדֵּשׁ יָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו שַׁחֲרִית חַיָּב מִיתָה בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ל כ) "יִרְחֲצוּ מַיִם וְלֹא יָמֻתוּ". וַעֲבוֹדָתוֹ פְּסוּלָה בֵּין כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל בֵּין כֹּהֵן הֶדְיוֹט:

It is a positive commandment for a priest who serves [in the Temple] to sanctify his hands and feet and afterwards perform service, as [Exodus 30:19] states: "And Aaron and his sons will wash their hands and their feet from it." A priest who serves without having sanctified his hands and feet in the morning is liable for death at the hand of heaven, as [ibid.:20] states: "They shall wash with water and not die." Their service - whether that of a High Priest or an ordinary priest - is invalid.

כָּל כֹּהֵן שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ מוּם בֵּין מוּם קָבוּעַ בֵּין מוּם עוֹבֵר לֹא יִכָּנֵס לַמִּקְדָּשׁ מִן הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וּלְפָנִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כא כג) "אֶל הַפָּרֹכֶת לֹא יָבֹא וְאֶל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ לֹא יִגַּשׁ". וְאִם עָבַר וְנִכְנַס לוֹקֶה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא עָבַד. וְאִם עָבַד בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ פָּסַל וְחִלֵּל עֲבוֹדָה וְלוֹקֶה אַף עַל הָעֲבוֹדָה. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כא יז) "אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה בוֹ מוּם לֹא יִקְרַב". מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁאַזְהָרָה זוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יִקְרַב לַעֲבוֹדָה:

Any priest who has a physical blemish - whether a permanent blemish or a temporary blemish - should not enter the area of the altar and beyond in the Temple, as [Leviticus 21:21-23] states: "[Any man from among the descendants of Aaron the priest who has a blemish...] shall not come near the curtain, nor may he approach the altar. If he transgresses and enters [this area], he is liable for lashes even if he did not perform any service.
If he performs service in the Temple, he invalidates and desecrates his service. He is worthy of lashes for the service as well, as [ibid.:17] states: "One who has a blemish shall not draw near [to offer...]." According to the Oral Tradition, we learned that this warning means that he shall not draw near to the Temple service.

כָּל הַמּוּמִין הַפּוֹסְלִים בָּאָדָם וּבַבְּהֵמָה חֲמִשִּׁים וְזֶהוּ פְּרָטָן:

There are a sum total of 50 physical blemishes that disqualify both humans and animals. In particular, they are:

כָּל הַמּוּמִין הַמְיֻחָדִין בָּאָדָם תִּשְׁעִים וְזֶהוּ פְּרָטָן. שְׁמוֹנָה בָּרֹאשׁ וְאֵלּוּ הֵן. מִי שֶׁאֶמְצַע קָדְקֳדוֹ שׁוֹקֵעַ לְמַטָּה כְּמוֹ שֶׁדְּחָקוֹ בְּיָדוֹ. מִי שֶׁאֶמְצַע קָדְקֳדוֹ עוֹלֶה לְמַעְלָה כְּמוֹ בֵּיצָה. מִי שֶׁפְּאַת רֹאשׁוֹ יוֹצֵא כְּנֶגֶד פָּנָיו כְּמוֹ מַקֶּבֶת. מִי שֶׁרֹאשׁוֹ יוֹצֵא מֵאֲחוֹרָיו כְּנֶגֶד עָרְפּוֹ. מִי שֶׁרֹאשׁוֹ רָחָב וְיוֹצֵא מִכָּאן וּמִכָּאן עַד שֶׁתִּמְצָא רֹאשׁוֹ עַל צַוָּארוֹ כְּמוֹ רֹאשׁ הַלֶּפֶת עַל הֶעָלִין שֶׁלּוֹ. הַקֵּרֵחַ שֶׁאֵין בְּכָל רֹאשׁוֹ שֵׂעָר כָּל עִקָּר. וְאִם יֵשׁ בּוֹ שִׁיטָה שֶׁל שֵׂעָר מֻקֶּפֶת מֵאֲחוֹרָיו מֵאֹזֶן לְאֹזֶן כָּשֵׁר. מִי שֶׁהָיָה הַשֵּׂעָר מַקִּיף מֵאֹזֶן לְאֹזֶן מִלְּפָנָיו בִּלְבַד וּשְׁאָר הָרֹאשׁ קֵרֵחַ הוּא הֲרֵי הוּא פָּסוּל. מִי שֶׁהָיָה הַשֵּׂעָר שֶׁלּוֹ מַקִּיף אֶת כָּל הָרֹאשׁ סָבִיב מִלְּפָנָיו וּמֵאַחֲרָיו וְאֵין שָׁם שֵׂעָר בְּאֶמְצַע גַּם זֶה קֵרֵחַ וּפָסוּל:

There are a total of 90 physical blemishes that [disqualify] humans alone. In particular, they are: There are eight involving the head:
a) one who has the center of his forehead depressed below as if it was pushed down with one's hand;
b) one who has the center of his forehead raised up above, like an egg;
c) one who has the sides of his head emerge toward his face like a hammer;
d) one whose head projects outward abnormally from his neck;
e) one whose head is abnormally large to the extent that it sits on his neck like a turnip on top of its leaves;
f) one who is bald and has no hair whatsoever on his head. If, however, he has a row of hair extending across the back of his head from ear to ear, it is acceptable.
g) a person's whose hair extends from ear to ear on the front of his head, but he is bald on the remainder of his head, he is unacceptable;
h) a person whose hair extends around his entire head from the front and the back, but he has no hair on the top of his head. He also is deemed bald and is unacceptable.

זָר שֶׁעָבַד בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ עֲבוֹדָתוֹ פְּסוּלָה וְחַיָּב מִיתָה בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יח ז) "וְהַזָּר הַקָּרֵב יוּמָת" מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁאֵין חִיּוּב זֶה אֶלָּא לִקְרַב לַעֲבוֹדָה. וְהֵיכָן הִזְהִיר עָלָיו וְזָר לֹא יִקְרַב אֲלֵיכֶם. אֵי זֶהוּ זָר כָּל שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִזֶּרַע אַהֲרֹן הַזְּכָרִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא א ח) "וְעָרְכוּ בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן". וְהִקְטִירוּ בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן. בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן וְלֹא בְּנוֹת אַהֲרֹן:

When a non-priest serves in the Temple, his service is invalid and he is liable for death at the hand of heaven, as [Numbers 18:7] states: "A non-priest who draws close will die." According to the Oral Tradition, we have learned that one does not become liable unless he draws close to perform service. Where is the warning concerning this? [Ibid.:4] states: "A non-priest shall not draw close to you."
What is meant by a non-priest? Anyone who is not a male descendant of Aaron, as [Leviticus 1:8] states: "And the sons of Aaron shall arrange" and [Leviticus 3:8] states: "And the sons of Aaron shall set afire." [These service are performed by] "the sons of Aaron" and not the daughters of Aaron.